By Muhammad Umer Ayub, BS AHS (Anesthesia Technology), Haripur, KPK, Pakistan.
Supervised by: Samsaam Fazal, MS-AHS
Affiliation: The University of Haripur
Global anesthesia-related mortality has decreased significantly over recent decades. Earlier, the risk was higher due to limited monitoring tools, unreliable machines, and a shortage of trained staff. As healthcare systems improved, patient safety increased. This has led to a steady decline in deaths directly linked to anesthesia.
In well-developed countries, anesthesia is now considered very safe. Modern monitoring tools like pulse oximeters, capnography, and advanced ventilators help detect problems early. Clear drug protocols and regular training further reduce errors. As a result, anesthesia-related deaths have fallen to very low levels.
Middle-income countries, including Pakistan, show improvement but progress is uneven. Major teaching hospitals in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad now use updated machines and better monitoring. Training for young doctors has become more structured. These changes have made anesthesia safer for many patients.
Challenges remain in rural and small hospitals. Some centers lack trained staff, reliable equipment, or consistent oxygen supply. Monitoring tools like pulse oximeters and capnography are not always available. Emergency cases and delayed patient arrivals further increase risk.
Low-income countries face similar issues worldwide. Limited trained personnel, inadequate monitoring, and poor ICU support make surgeries more dangerous. These global differences highlight the importance of strong hospital systems. Training, equipment, and proper support are key to improving anesthesia safety.
Overall, anesthesia-related mortality has clearly declined globally. Pakistan has made strong progress, especially in larger hospitals. Continued investment in training, equipment, and safety practices can reduce risks further. Global improvements show how system reforms enhance patient safety.
